Tests can be powerful instruments of educational policy; thus testing can be seen as a political activity entailing tactics, intrigue and maneuvering within institutions that may not be political, but rather commercial, financial or educational. Test development is a complex project bound up with myriads of agendas and considerations. In language testing the impression given is that all we have to do is to improve tests on the technical aspects -developing better measuring instruments, design appropriate specifications, commission suitable test tasks, devise suitable procedures for piloting and analysis, train markers, and let the system get on with things. Innovation in tests is subject to exclusively technical issues not social. Given the importance of tests in society and their role in educational policy, it is not surprising that one area of concern has been the standards of testing. One common meaning of standards is that of the levels of proficiency –what LEVEL you have r...
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